Match and Training High Intensity Activity-Demands Profile During a Competitive Mesocycle in Youth Elite Soccer Players.

The monitoring of the high intensity activity-demands profile during official matches (OMs) and training sessions (TSs) provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between training and competition loads as well as players' fitness characteristics. The aims of this study were to: 1) describe the training and match high intensity activity-demands profile in U-19 soccer players; 2) compare the profile depending on the type of session (OM or TS) throughout match-weeks; and 3) differentiate between profiles depending on the match location (home or away). Twenty-five U-19 Spanish soccer players were monitored during TSs and OMs for a one-month competitive period using a WIMU PROTM wearable inertial device. The variables of the study were: high speed running distance (HSRD), total sprints (SPs), maximum speed (MS) and player load (PL). OMs required higher demands than TSs in HSRD (460.99 ± 206.18 vs. 315.45 ± 180.12 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.75), SPs (10.86 ± 6.64 vs. 7.23 ± 4.82; p < 0.01; d = 0.69), MS (29.99 ± 2.54 vs. 28.50 ± 2.4 km/h; p < 0.01; d = 0.59) and PL (103.08 ± 24.15 vs. 83.18 ± 17.96 a.u.; p < 0.01; d = 0.94). The interaction between the type of session and mean week's demands presented differences with medium effect size in MS (p < 0.01; ωp 2 = 0.06) and small effect size in HSRD (p = 0.04; ωp 2 = 0.03), and SP (p = 0.05; ωp 2 = 0.03), but there were no differences in PL (p = 0.18; ωp 2 = 0). Finally, no differences were found in the match location comparison (p > 0.33; d = 0.22-0.33). Therefore, the profiles presented could be useful for future scientific purposes and serve as valid information for coaches trying to optimize performance.

Are there differences between the loading of an anaerobic capacity test and an agility test in basketball players? / Há diferenças entre a carga de um teste de capacidade anaeróbica e um teste de agilidade em jogadores de basquete?

Abstract The objective of this article was to know players' needs in the selected tests, to search for differences between categories and to know if there is any relationship between different tests. The sample consists of 2 teams (u-14, u-16, n=24), which were equipped with a WimuR inertial device. The selected tests were 2 agility tests and a lactic anaerobic capacity test. Neuromuscular and kinematic variables were selected. Descriptive analysis, inferential analysis and analysis of correlation among variables were carried out. Once players' needs are described, there are no significant differences among kinematic variables depending on the sample category. Nonetheless, there is relationship between kinematic and neuromuscular variables of the different tests. It is frequently claimed that capacity tests are those that cause more fatigue in athletes. For this reason, an analysis was carried out comparing a lactic anaerobic capacity test with an agility test in its two versions. The obtained results can facilitate the work and the evaluation time of a physical condition test since results of athletes in a capacity test could be known by performing tests of lesser requirement. In addition, this would avoid players from experiencing a situation of maximum effort and possible injury, also saving training time.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer as demandas dos jogadores nos testes selecionados, buscar diferenças entre categorias e buscar conhecer se havia alguma diferença entre distintas provas. A amostra foi formada por duas equipes (sub-14, sub-16; n = 24) que foram monitorados com dispositivo de inércia WimuR. Selecionaram-se dois testes de agilidade e um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática, e testes para variáveis neuromusculares e cinemáticas. Empregou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis cinemáticas, dependendo da categoria da amostra, porém houve relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares. Afirma-se frequentemente queos testes de capacidade são os que causam maior fadiga no atleta. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma análise na qual um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática foi comparado com um teste de agilidade em suas duas versões. Os resultados obtidos podem facilitar o trabalho e o tempo de avaliação do teste de aptidão física, pois, ao realizar testes de menor exigência, os resultados do atleta podem ser conhecidos em um teste de capacidade, evitando que ele enfrente uma situação de esforço máximo, uma possível lesão e economia tempo de treinamento .

Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball / Análise das diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nas demandas de carga externa no handebol de praia

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to analyze the sex-related differences in beach handball workload. A total sample of 105 handballers (male, n=50; female, n=55) belonging to six U'16 teams, seven U'18 teams and eight senior teams were monitored in the final round of 2018-2019 beach handball tournament celebrated during 3-days congested-fixture design. The external load variables Steps, Jumps, Player Load, Total Impacts (>2G) and Total Impacts per Intensities (very low, 2-4G; low, 4-6G; moderate, 6-8G; high, 8-10G; very high, >10G) through WIMUTM inertial devices. Statistical analysis was composed by t-test and Cohen's d for anthropometrical variables and by MANOVA and omega partial square for sex and categories related differences. Greater values in male handballers were found in height, weight and age in each categories (U'16: p<0.05; d=0.50-2.26; U'18: p<0.05; d=0.95-2.21; senior: p<0.05; d=1.01-1.99), except in age in U'18 (p=0.97; d=0.01). Respect to external workload, differences were found related to category (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.02-0.05, small) and sex (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.04-0.21, small to high), except in Steps (p=0.47; ωp²= 0.00), finding the greatest sex-related differences in U'16 category. From the differences found in anthropometrical characteristics and external workload, their evaluation during competition allows designing specific training sessions with the purpose of sports performance enhancement in beach handball.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na carga de trabalho de handebol de praia. Uma amostra total de 105 jogadores de handebol (masculino, n = 50; feminino, n = 55) pertencentes a seis equipes sub-16, sete equipes sub-18 e oito equipes seniores foi monitorada na rodada final do torneio de handebol de praia 2018-2019 durante 3 dias de projeto. As variáveis ​​de carga externa Etapas, Saltos, Carga do jogador, Impactos totais (> 2G) e Impactos totais por intensidade (muito baixo, 2-4G; baixo, 4-6G; moderado, 6-8G; alto, 8-10G; muito alto,> 10G) foram mensurados por meio de dispositivos inerciais WIMUTM. A análise estatística foi composta pelo teste t, d de Cohen e MANOVA. Maiores valores nos handebolistas masculinos foram encontrados em estatura, massa corporal e idade em cada categoria (U'16: p <0,05; d = 0,50-2,26; U'18: p <0,05; d = 0,95-2,21; sénior: p <0,05 ; d = 1,01-1,99), exceto na idade nos U'18 (p = 0,97; d = 0,01). No que diz respeito à carga de trabalho externa, foram encontradas diferenças relacionadas à categoria (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,02-0,05, pequeno) e sexo (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,04-0,21, pequeno a alto), exceto nas etapas (p = 0,47; ωp² = 0,00), encontrando as maiores diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na categoria U'16. A partir das diferenças encontradas nas características antropométricas e na carga de trabalho externa, sua avaliação durante a competição permite projetar sessões de treinamento específicas com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho esportivo no handebol de praia.

Proposal of accuracy analysis of indoor tracking systems in basketball / Proposta de análise de precisão de sistemas de rastreamento interno em basquetebol

ABSTRACT The development of tracking technology caused a exponentially grow-up of research into this topic. The use of standardized methodologies is useful to contrast data of different studies. On the other hand, a low-cost reference system is needed. For this reason, the main aim of the present research is the description of a specific protocol to accuracy assessment of tracking location in indoor conditions in basketball. It can resume in three steps with detailed and easily procedures in the method section. The accuracy analysis method presented can report the centimeter of accuracy in each coordinate that the tracking system measure. A standardized protocol to evaluate the location on indoor conditions in basketball will provide to the sport science professionals a useful tool to analyze the accuracy and reliability of all tracking system, being the results can compare both within and between-court.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de rastreamento causou um crescimento exponencial das pesquisas sobre esse tópico. O uso de metodologias padronizadas é útil para contrastar dados de diferentes estudos. Por outro lado, é necessário um sistema de referência de baixo custo. Por este motivo, o principal objetivo da presente pesquisa é a descrição de um protocolo específico para avaliação da acurácia do rastreamento de localização em condições internas no basquete. Pode retomar em três etapas com procedimentos detalhados e fáceis na seção do método. O método de análise de precisão apresentado pode relatar o centímetro de precisão em cada coordenada medida pelo sistema de rastreamento. Um protocolo padronizado para avaliar a localização em condições internas no basquetebol fornecerá aos profissionais de ciências do esporte uma ferramenta útil para analisar a precisão e a confiabilidade de todo o sistema de rastreamento, sendo que os resultados podem ser comparados dentro e entre as quadras.

Influencia de la modificación de la lógica interna en las emociones percibidas en estudiantes adolescentes durante las sesiones de expresión corporal / Influência da modificação da lógica interna nas emoções percebidas em adolescentes escolares durante as sessões de expressão corporal / Influence of changes in internal logic on emotions perceived in school teenagers students during body expression sessions

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de la modificación de la lógica interna en las emociones percibidas durante las actividades de expresión corporal en alumnos de educación secundaria. Ochenta alumnos (edad: 13.01±0.98 años; sexo: chicos n=49, chicas n=31; curso escolar: 1º ESO n=28, 2º ESO n=30, 3º ESO n=22) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se realizaron dos sesiones compuestas por cinco actividades, separadas por una semana, donde se modificó la lógica interna entre sesiones. Se utilizó la Escala de Juegos y Emociones Deportivas (GES) modificada para el análisis de las emociones. Una modificación en la lógica interna influye directamente en las emociones negativas, manteniéndose altos los valores de emociones positivas. La satisfacción durante la práctica esta relacionada con la emoción de la alegría e inversamente relacionada con la emoción de la vergüenza. En conclusión, el trabajo y análisis de emociones es importante para alcanzar un mayor placer y satisfacción en los alumnos

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da modificação da lógica interna nas emoções percebidas durante as atividades de expressão corporal em alunos do ensino médio. Oitenta estudantes (idade: 13,01±0,98 anos, sexo: meninos n=49, meninas n=31, ano escolar: 1ºESO n=28, 2ºESO n=30, 3ºESO n=22) participaram voluntariamente deste estudo. Duas sessões foram compostas por cinco atividades, separadas por uma semana, em que a lógica interna entre sessões foi modificada. Foi utilizada a Escala de Jogos e Emoções Esportivas (GES) modificada para a análise das emoções. Uma modificação na lógica interna influencia diretamente as emoções negativas, mantendo altos os valores das emoções positivas. A satisfação durante a prática está relacionada à emoção da alegria e inversamente relacionada à vergonha da emoção. Em conclusão, o trabalho e análise de emoções é importante para alcançar maior prazer e satisfação nos alunos

This study analyzed the influence of changes in internal logic on emotions perceived during body expression lessons with secondary education students. Participants were 80 volunteers (age: 13.01±0.98 years; sex: boys n=49, girls n=31; school year of mandatory secondary education: 1st n=28, 2nd n=30, 3rd n=22). Two sessions were performed, separated by 7 days, with five activities each. In each session, the internal logic of the activities was changed. The Games and Emotions Scale (GES) was used to analyze the perceived emotions. A change in internal logic directly influences negative emotions, keeping scores of positive emotions high. Satisfaction during practice is related to emotion of joy and inversely related to the emotion of shame. In conclusion, to work and analyze emotions perceived by the students is important to increase their enjoyment and satisfaction

Impact of Contextual Factors on External Load During a Congested-Fixture Tournament in Elite U'18 Basketball Players.

An understanding of basketball physical demands during official matches is fundamental for designing specific training, tactical, and strategic plans as well as recovery methods during congested fixture periods. Such assessments can be performed using wearable indoor time motion tracking systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the time-motion profile of under 18-years of age (U'18) basketball players and compare their physical demands in relation to team ranking, playing position, match periods and consecutive matches during a 7-day tournament. Relative Distance (RD), percentage of High-Intensity Running (%HIR), Player Load (PL), Acceleration (Acc), Deceleration (Dec), Peak Speed (PSpeed), and Peak Acceleration (PAcc) were recorded from 94 players (13 centers, 47 forwards, and 34 guards) belonging to eight elite teams (age: 17.6 ± 0.8 years; height: 1.91 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 82.5 ± 8.8 kg). WIMU PROTM inertial measurement units with ultra-wide band (UWB) indoor-tracking technology recorded 13 matches during the Adidas Next Generation Tournament Finals in the 2016-2017 season. Paired t-tests and one-way analyses of variance with omega partial squared ( ω p 2 ) and Cohen's effect sizes (d) were used to analyze for differences between variables. According to team quality, the best teams had lower RD (p = 0.04; d = -0.14). Guards presented higher RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), PSpeed (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.01) and PAcc (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02) compared to forwards and centers. The first quarter showed differences with higher RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), %HIR (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02), and PL (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.04) compared to all other quarters. The third match of the tournament presented higher demands in RD (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.03), HIR (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.01) and PL (p < 0.01; ω p 2 = 0.02) compared with the first two matches. This study showed that team quality, playing position, match period, and consecutive matches throughout an U'18 basketball tournament influenced the kinematic demands experienced by players during official competition. Therefore, each of these contextual factors should be considered in managing the load and developing individualized strategies for players in tournament settings.

Influencia del resultado en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición oficial en baloncesto formación / Game outcome influence in external load demands in youth male basketball during official competition / Influência dos resultados sobre a demanda de carga externa em basquetebol júnior masculino durante a concorrência oficial

El estudio de las relaciones entre el marcador final y la eficacia técnico-táctica de jugadores y equipos está muy extendido, pero no existen aún suficientes evidencias sobre si este fenómeno influye directamente en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la influencia del marcador parcial en cada uno de los períodos de juego en las demandas de carga externa que presentan los jugadores de baloncesto formación. 96 jugadores de baloncesto sub-18 de nivel élite masculino pertenecientes a 8 equipos fueron registrados durante 13 partidos de la fase final del Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 mediante dispositivos inerciales WIMU PROTM (RealTrack Systems, Almería, España) obteniendo el análisis tiempo-movimiento en estadios cubiertos a través de tecnología de ultra-banda ancha (UWB). La prueba estadística T-Student de muestras independientes junto con el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen fueron utilizados para el análisis diferencial en relación al marcador parcial: (a) igualado (<10 puntos) y (b) desigualado (>10 puntos). Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables de carga externa analizadas, siendo las exigencias cinemáticas mayores en los Partidos Desigualados (p>0.01; t=2.59-3.31; d=0.48-0.62), encontrando las mayores diferencias en la variable Impactos en todos sus rangos (3-5G, 5-8G, >8G). En conclusión, el marcador es un elemento determinante en la carga externa que soportan los jugadores durante los partidos oficiales. Por tanto, es necesario reproducir estas situaciones durante los entrenamientos para someter a los jugadores a estímulos semejantes a los que se producen en la competición

The analysis between the match status and the technical-tactical effectiveness of players and teams is very widespread. Instead, it has not enough evidence whether this phenomenon directly influences the external load demands during the competition. The objective of the present study is to analyse the influence of game outcome in the external load demands performed by youth male basketball players. 96 elite-level male U'18 basketball players of eight teams were registered during 13 matches of the Adidas Next Generation Tournament16-17 final round using WIMU PROTMinertial devices through ultra-wide band (UWB) tracking technology. The T-Student statistical test of independent samples with Cohen's d effect size were used for the comparison analysis in relation to the game outcome: (a) balanced(<10 points) and (b) unbalanced (>10 points). Statistically significant differences were found in the external load variables analysed. The higher load demands were performed in unbalancedmatches (p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), finding the greatest differences in impacts at all intensities (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). In conclusion, the score has a direct influence in the external load during official matches. Therefore, it is necessary to reproduce these situations during training to face the players with similar stimuli to the competition

O estudo da relação entre o escore final e a eficácia técnico-tática de jogadores e equipes é generalizado, mas ainda não há evidências suficientes sobre se esse fenômeno influencia diretamente as demandas externas de carga durante a competição. O objetivoda presente investigação foi analisar a influência do marcador parcial em cada um dos períodos de jogo nas demandas de carga externa apresentadas pelos jogadores júnior masculino de basquetebol. 96 jogadores sub-18 homens pertencentes a oito equipes de basquete de nível elite foram registrados durante 13 jogos da fase final do Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 por dispositivos inerciais WIMU PROTM(RealTrack Sistemas, Almeria, Espanha), obter a análise do tempo-movimento em estádios cobertos por tecnologia de ultra-banda larga(UWB). Os testes estatísticos T-Studentpara amostras independentes com o tamanho do efeito através de d de Cohen foram utilizados para a análise diferencial em relação a pontuação parcial: (a) equilibrado(<10 pontos) e (b) nãoequilibrado(> 10 pontos). As diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas em todas as variáveis analisadas da carga externa, com as mais elevadas exigências sobre jogos com resultado não equilibrado(p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), encontrando as principais diferenças nos impactos as todas suas gamas (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). Em conclusão, a pontuação é um fator determinante na carga externa que os jogadores suportam durante as partidas oficiais. Portanto, é necessário reproduzir essas situações durante o treinamento para submeter os jogadores a estímulos semelhantes aos que ocorrem na competição

Incidencia de los parámetros organizativos en la cuantificación de carga externa de las tareas diseñadas para la enseñanza del baloncesto escolar / Incidence of Organizational Parameters in the Quantification of the External Training Load of the Tasks designed for Teaching of the School Basketball / Incidência de parâmetros organizacionais na quantificação da carga externa de tarefas destinadas ao ensino do basquetebol escolar

Conocer la carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) a la que serán sometidos los aprendices durante la práctica deportiva resulta fundamental para la optimización del aprendizaje. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar, en función de las partes de sesión y los medios de enseñanza, la eTL de las tareas diseñadas por los profesores en fase de pre-servicio para la enseñanza del baloncesto escolar. Se categorizaron 283 tareas diseñadas por seis profesores en fase de pre-servicio mediante el Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento (SIATE). La cuantificación de eTL de las tareas se obtuvo a través de seis variables: grado de oposición, densidad de la tarea, porcentaje de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, Espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva. Se realizo un análisis descriptivo e inferencial mediante los RTC y la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis, estableciendo el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen. Los profesores en fase de pre-servicio planifican con niveles de eTL más bajos de los requeridos en las partes de animación y fundamental, dependiendo dichos niveles de los parámetros organizativos seleccionados durante el diseño de las tareas. Asimismo, el medio de enseñanza influye en la cuantificación de eTL

To know the external Training Load (eTL) of the tasks which students will develop during sports is essential for the optimization of learning. The aim of this study was to analyze, depending on the parts of session and the means of teaching, the eTL of the tasks designed by pre-service teachers for the teaching of school basketball. A total of 283 tasks designed by six pre-service teachers were categorized through the Integral System for Training Tasks Analysis (SIATE). The quantification of eTL of the tasks was obtained through six variables: degree of opposition, density of the task, percentage of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game area and cognitive involvement. Descriptive and inferential analysis were performed through TCR and Kruskal-Wallis H test, establishing the size of the effect through Cohen's d. Pre-service teachers plan with levels of eTL lower than those required in the animation part and in the fundamental part, depending on these levels of the organizational parameters selected during the design of the tasks. The mean of teaching influences the quantification of eTL

Conhecer a carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) a que os aprendizes serão submetidos durante a prática desportiva é fundamental para a otimização da aprendizagem. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar, de acordo com as partes de sessão e meios de ensino, o eTL das tarefas projetadas pelos professores na fase de pré-serviço para o ensino de basquete escolar. Um total de 283 tarefas projetadas por seis professores na fase de pré-serviço foram categorizadas através do Sistema Integral de Análise de Tarefas de Treinamento (SIATE). A quantificação do eTL das tarefas foi obtida através de seis variáveis: grau de oposição, densidade de tarefas, porcentagem de executores simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço de jogo e implicação cognitiva. Uma análise descritiva e inferencial segundo os RTC e pelo teste H de Kruskal-Wallis, estabelecendo o tamanho do efeito através d de Cohen. Os Professores na fase de pré-serviço planejam com níveis de eTL menores do que os requeridos na parte de animação e na parte fundamental, dependendo esses níveis dos parâmetros organizacionais selecionados durante o projeto das tarefas. Da mesma forma, o meio de ensino influencia na quantificação do eTL

Comparative Analysis of Load Profile between Small-Sided Games and Official Matches in Youth Soccer Players.

The purposes of the present study are: (a) to characterize the external (eTL) and internal load (iTL) of official matches and small-sided games (SSGs) in relation to their objective, (b) to compare demands between SSG, and (c) to analyze the SSG requirements in relation to official matches during a one-month competition period. Twenty under-18 national-level soccer players were recorded using WIMUTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) during four official matches and 12 training sessions where four SSGs with different objectives were performed: (SSG1) keeping the ball; (SSG2) keeping the ball and progressing; (SSG3) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in mini-goals; and (SSG4) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in an official goal with a goalkeeper. Statistical analysis included Kruskall-Wallis' H and Mann-Whitney's U with Cohen's d effect size. The SSGs presented walking and jogging intensity movements (0.7⁻7 to 7⁻14 km/h), with a 5-to-8 %HIA (high intensity activity, >16 km/h), where low intensity accelerations, decelerations and impacts were predominant (1⁻2.5 m/s²; 5⁻7 G), and %HRMAX (maximum heart rate percentage) was between 70⁻90%. Only SSG4 presented similar demands to competition, finding differences between SSGs (p < 0.05; d = 1.40 - 0.36). In conclusion, the objective of the SSGs directly influenced the demands on the players in training sessions. For this reason, it is important to monitor demands for designing specific training sessions.